Identification: Distinctive orange head and underparts and plain grey or brown upperparts distinguish this species from all other thrushes recorded in Singapore. Two subspecies regularly occur in Singapore: citrina, which has faint brown "teardrop" markings on face and white wingbar, and innotata, which lacks the facial markings and wingbar. Rarely recorded are birds with prominent, thick brown facial stripes on a paler face – more prominent than in citrina – which breed in east Asia and may represent any of aurimacula, courtoisi, or melli (collectively referred to as the "aurimacula group").