Identification: Distinctive orange head and underparts and plain grey or brown upperparts distinguish this species from all other thrushes recorded in Singapore. Two subspecies regularly occur in Singapore: innotata, which has faint brown "teardrop" markings on face and white wingbar, and citrina, which lacks the facial markings and wingbar. Rarely recorded are birds with prominent, thick brown facial stripes – more prominent than in innotata – which breed in east Asia and may represent any of aurimacula, courtoisi, or melli (collectively referred to as the "aurimacula group").